Ivan Silajev published a paper showing TF-IDF and BM25 are exact Kullback-Leibler divergences. The work covers the BM25 variant with the plus 1 IDF correction. It also discusses the original BM25 formulation without that correction. The paper provides a unified probabilistic framework for both methods. It clarifies what TF-IDF and BM25 measure. It enables theoretical comparison with other information retrieval methods. The paper is five pages long. It was submitted to arXiv on 12 September 2026.
What it unlocks
Treating TF-IDF and BM25 as exact Kullback-Leibler divergences between probability models.
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